Women undergoing cancer treatment often experience persistent and worsening vaginal symptoms—such as pain, dryness, and dyspareunia.

Menopause-induced estrogen decline disrupts vaginal microbiome and pH balance, leading to symptoms like dryness, irritation, dyspareunia, and higher risk of BV and UTIs.  

Vulvodynia is chronic vulvar pain lasting at least three months without a clear cause, often presenting as burning, stinging, itching, or rawness.